如何写ted演讲稿中英对照
如何写ted演讲稿中英对照一
现实不是一种认知，而是内心的一种创造——“借口、假设和恐惧”也是如此。我们创造着现实，并对此深信不疑，到底是怎么一回事呢?下面是小编为大家收集关于ted英语演讲：你在为自己创造着怎样的现实，欢迎借鉴参考。
when dorothy was a little girl, she wasfascinated by her goldfish. her father explained to her that fish swim byquickly wagging their tails to propel themselves through the water. withouthesitation, little dorothy responded, "yes, daddy, and fish swim backwardsby wagging their heads."
当多萝西还是一个小女孩的时候，她被她的金鱼迷住了。她的父亲向她解释，鱼是通过快速摇尾推动自己在水中前进。毫无犹豫地，小多萝西回答道，“是的，爸爸，而且鱼会通过摇头来后退。”
in her mind, it was a fact as true as anyother. fish swim backwards by wagging their heads. she believed it.
在她的心里，这是一个确切的事实。鱼通过摇头来后退。她坚信如此。
our lives are full of fish swimmingbackwards. we make assumptions and faulty leaps of logic. we harbor bias. weknow that we are right, and they are wrong. we fear the worst. we strive forunattainable perfection. we tell ourselves what we can and cannot do. in ourminds, fish swim by in reverse frantically wagging their heads and we don'teven notice them.
我们的生活中充满着倒游的鱼。我们制造假设和错误跳跃的逻辑。我们心怀偏见。我们知道我们是对的，而他们是错的。我们害怕最糟糕的。我们力求无法获得的完美。我们告诉自己什么是我们能做的和不能做的。在我们心里，鱼是通过往相反方向疯狂摇头来游泳的，而我们甚至不曾察觉过它们。
i'm going to tell you five facts aboutmyself. one fact is not true. one: i graduated from harvard at 19 with anhonors degree in mathematics. two: i currently run a construction company inorlando. three: i starred on a television sitcom. four: i lost my sight to arare genetic eye disease. five: i served as a law clerk to two us supreme courtjustices. which fact is not true? actually, they're all true. yeah. they're alltrue.
我想告诉你们五件关于我的事实。其中有一件不是真的。第一：我19岁的时候以数学荣誉学士学位毕业于哈佛大学。第二：我现在在奥兰多经营着一家建筑公司。第三：我主演过一部电视情景剧。第四：我因为患上一种罕有的遗传性眼疾而失去了视力。第五：我曾经给两位美国最高法院的法官当过法律助手。哪一个不是真的呢?事实上，它们都是真的。是的，它们都是真的。
at this point, most people really only careabout the television show.
这时候，大部分人其实都只关心那部电视剧。
i know this from experience. ok, so theshow was nbc's "saved by the bell: the new class." and i playedweasel wyzell, who was the sort of dorky, nerdy character on the show, whichmade it a very major acting challenge for me as a 13-year-old boy.
这是经验告诉我的。好吧，那部电视剧是nbc的“savedbythebell:thenewclass."而我饰演了weaselwyzell，一个在剧中带点笨拙书呆子性格的角色，对于13岁的我来说，这是一个很重大的演出挑战。
now, did you struggle with number four, myblindness? why is that? we make assumptions about so-called disabilities. as ablind man, i confront others' incorrect assumptions about my abilities everyday. my point today is not about my blindness, however. it's about my blind taught me to live my life eyes wide open. it taught me to spotthose backwards-swimming fish that our minds create. going blind cast them intofocus.
现在，你是否纠结于第四个事实，我的失明?为什么会这样呢?我们对所谓的残疾做出一些假设。作为盲人，我每天都面对别人对我能力的错误假设。然而，我今天的重点不在于我的失明。而是在于我的视野。失明教会我用开阔的眼界去生活。它教会我去发现那些倒游的鱼，我们内心创造出来的鱼。失明使它们变成了焦点。
what does it feel like to see? it'simmediate and passive. you open your eyes and there's the world. seeing isbelieving. sight is truth. right? well, that's what i thought.
看得见是怎么样的一种感觉?是即时并且被动的。你睁开双眼，世界就在你眼前。看见什么相信什么。眼见为实。对吧?好吧，我当初是这么想的。
then, from age 12 to 25, my retinasprogressively deteriorated. my sight became an increasingly bizarre carnivalfunhouse hall of mirrors and illusions. the salesperson i was relieved to spotin a store was really a mannequin. reaching down to wash my hands, i suddenlysaw it was a urinal i was touching, not a sink, when my fingers felt its trueshape.
接着，从12岁到15岁，我的视网膜逐渐衰弱。我的视像变成了愈加奇异的嘉年华游乐场里的哈哈镜。我在商店里好不容易发现的销售员实际上是一个人体模型。俯下身去洗手，当我的手指感受到它的真实形状，我意识到我去触摸的是小便池，而不是洗手池。
a friend described the photograph in my hand, and only then i could seethe image depicted. objects appeared, morphed and disappeared in my reality. itwas difficult and exhausting to see. i pieced together fragmented, transitoryimages, consciously analyzed the clues, searched for some logic in my crumblingkaleidoscope, until i saw nothing at all.
一位朋友向我描述我手中的照片，只有在那时候我才能明白图像描画了些什么。物体在我的现实中出现、变形和消失。看见成为了一件困难的使我筋疲力尽的事情。我把支离破碎的、片刻的图像拼接起来，凭感觉分析线索，在我破碎的万花筒中寻找符合逻辑的对应，直到我什么都看不见。
i learned that what we see is not universaltruth. it is not objective reality. what we see is a unique, personal, virtualreality that is masterfully constructed by our brain.
我认识到我们所看到的并不即是普遍真理。并不是客观现实。我们所看到的是独一无二的虚拟现实，它是由我们的大脑巧妙地构造出来的。
let me explain with a bit of amateurneuroscience. your visual cortex takes up about 30 percent of your 's compared to approximately eight percent for touch and two to threepercent for hearing. every second, your eyes can send your visual cortex as manyas two billion pieces of information. the rest of your body can send your brainonly an additional billion. so sight is one third of your brain by volume andcan claim about two thirds of your brain's processing resources. it's nosurprise then that the illusion of sight is so compelling. but make no mistakeabout it: sight is an illusion.
请让我以外行的身份解释一遍神经系统学。你的视觉皮层占据了你脑部的大概30%。相比于触觉的8%以及听觉的2-3%。每一秒钟，你的双眼能够向你的视觉皮层传达多达二十亿的信息片段。其余的身体部分加起来也仅能够传达另外的十亿。所以视觉占据了你脑部容量的三分之一并且占用了你脑部中三分之二的信息处理资源。因此意想得到的是视觉幻象是多么的令人信服。但是别误会了：我们所看到的只是一种幻象。
here's where it gets interesting. to createthe experience of sight, your brain references your conceptual understanding ofthe world, other knowledge, your memories, opinions, emotions, mentalattention. all of these things and far more are linked in your brain to yoursight. these linkages work both ways, and usually occur subconsciously. so for example, what you see impacts how you feel, and the way you feel can literally change what you see.
这是事情变得有趣的地方。为了制造视觉经验，你的大脑参考了你对这个世界的概念性理解，其它知识、你的记忆、看法、情绪和心理关注。所有的这些东西和以及其它的都连结于你的大脑和视觉景象之间。这些连结是双向作用的，并且常常在潜意识中发生。举例子来说，你所看到的会影响到你的感觉，而你的感觉又能够直接改变你所看到的。
numerous studies demonstrate this. if you are asked toestimate the walking speed of a man in a video, for example, your answer willbe different if you're told to think about cheetahs or turtles. a hill appearssteeper if you've just exercised, and a landmark appears farther away if you'rewearing a heavy backpack. we have arrived at a fundamental contradiction.
许多的研究证明了这一点。如果你被要求去估计视频中人物的行走速度，举例来说，在被告知去想着猎豹或者乌龟的情况下，你的答案将会不一样。如果你刚刚运动完，你会感觉山变陡峭了，如果你背着一个很重的背包，眼前的目的地看起来距离更远。我们在这里遇到了一种基本的矛盾。
what you see is a complex mental construction of your own making, but you experienceit passively as a direct representation of the world around you. you createyour own reality, and you believe it. i believed mine until it broke apart. thedeterioration of my eyes shattered the illusion.
你肉眼所看到的东西是你自己创造的一种复杂的心智建造，但是你被动地经历着它让它作为你周遭世界的一种直接呈现。你创造了属于你自己的现实并且深信着它。我深信于我的现实直到它瓦解了。我双眼的衰退粉碎了这种幻象。
you see, sight is just one way we shape ourreality. we create our own realities in many other ways. let's take fear asjust one example. your fears distort your reality. under the warped logic offear, anything is better than the uncertain. fear fills the void at all costs,passing off what you dread for what you know, offering up the worst in place ofthe ambiguous, substituting assumption for reason. psychologists have a greatterm for it: awfulizing.
你看，视觉只是我们认识世界的一种途径。我们可以通过许多其它的方式去创造属于我们自己的现实。让我们来举恐惧作为一个例子。你的恐惧扭曲了你的现实。在扭曲的恐惧逻辑影响下，任何事情都比未知要好。恐惧不惜一切代价填补空白，把你所惧怕的冒充成你所知道的，让最糟糕取代了不明确，使假设代替了原因。心理学家对此有一个很好的术语：往坏处想。
right? fear replaces the unknown with theawful. now, fear is self-realizing. when you face the greatest need to lookoutside yourself and think critically, fear beats a retreat deep inside yourmind, shrinking and distorting your view, drowning your capacity for criticalthought with a flood of disruptive emotions. when you face a compellingopportunity to take action, fear lulls you into inaction, enticing you topassively watch its prophecies fulfill themselves.
对吧?恐惧把未知的替换成了可怕的。现在，恐惧在自我实现着。当你非常迫切的需要去客观看待自己并进行批判性思考的时候，恐惧在你的内心深处打起了退堂鼓，收缩并扭曲你的观点，以洪水般涌现的破坏性情绪淹没你批判思考的能力。当你面对一个极具吸引力的机会去采取行动时，恐惧误导你去无所作为，诱使你被动地看着它的预言一个个实现成真。
when i was diagnosed with my blindingdisease, i knew blindness would ruin my life. blindness was a death sentencefor my independence. it was the end of achievement for me. blindness meant iwould live an unremarkable life, small and sad, and likely alone. i knew was a fiction born of my fears, but i believed it. it was a lie, but itwas my reality, just like those backwards-swimming fish in little dorothy'smind. if i had not confronted the reality of my fear, i would have lived it. iam certain of that.
当我被诊出患有致盲眼疾时，我料到失明将会毁了我的生活。失明对我的独立能力判了死刑。它是我一生成就的终点。失明意味着我将度过平凡的一生，渺小且凄惨，极有可能孤独终老。我就知道会这样。这是我因为恐惧带来的胡编乱造，但我相信了。它是一个谎言，但它曾是我的现实。就像小多萝西内心那些倒游的鱼一样。如若我不曾面对过我内心恐惧创造出来的现实，我会就那样活着。我很确定。
so how do you live your life eyes wideopen? it is a learned discipline. it can be taught. it can be practiced. i willsummarize very briefly.
所以你们如何去以开阔的眼界生活呢?这是一个需要学习的学科。它能被传授。它能被练习。我简单地总结一下。
hold yourself accountable for every moment,every thought, every detail. see beyond your fears. recognize your s your internal strength. silence your internal critic. correct yourmisconceptions about luck and about success. accept your strengths and yourweaknesses, and understand the difference. open your hearts to your bountifulblessings.
让自己学会负责，对每一时刻，每个想法，每个细节。超越你内心的恐惧。识别出你所作的假设。展现你内在的能力。消除你内心的批判。修正你对于运气和成功的错误概念。接受自己的长处和短处，并清楚认识它们之间的区别。打开你的心扉去迎接对你满满的祝福。
your fears, your critics, your heroes, yourvillains -- they are your excuses, rationalizations, shortcuts, justifications,your surrender. they are fictions you perceive as reality. choose to seethrough them. choose to let them go. you are the creator of your reality. withthat empowerment comes complete responsibility.
你的恐惧，你的批判，你的英雄，你的敌人——他们都是你的借口、合理化作用、捷径、辩护、屈服。它们是你错认为现实的小说。尝试选择看穿它们。尝试让它们远离自己。你是自我现实的创造者。伴随这种权利而来的是你需要负起全部的责任。
i chose to step out of fear's tunnel intoterrain uncharted and undefined. i chose to build there a blessed life. farfrom alone, i share my beautiful life with dorothy, my beautiful wife, with ourtriplets, whom we call the tripskys, and with the latest addition to thefamily, sweet baby clementine.
我选择走出恐惧的隧道，步入了未知的领域。我选择在那里构建幸福的人生。远离孤单，我分享我的美好生活，与多萝西，我美丽的妻子，与我们的三胞胎，我们称之为“tripskys”，还有新添的家庭成员，可爱的宝贝克莱蒙蒂。
what do you fear? what lies do you tellyourself? how do you embellish your truth and write your own fictions? whatreality are you creating for yourself?
你在害怕什么?你在欺骗自己什么?你是如何修饰自己的真相，编写自己的小说?你在为自己创造着怎么样的现实?
in your career and personal life, in yourrelationships, and in your heart and soul, your backwards-swimming fish do yougreat harm. they exact a toll in missed opportunities and unrealized potential,and they engender insecurity and distrust where you seek fulfillment andconnection. i urge you to search them out.
在你的职业生涯和个人生活中，在你的人际关系中，在你的内心和灵魂中，倒游的鱼给你带来巨大的伤害。它们使你为错失的机会以及尚未实现的潜能付出代价。它们在你寻求满足与联系时引起你的不安以及不信任。我呼吁大家把它们找出来。
helen keller said that the only thing worsethan being blind is having sight but no vision. for me, going blind was aprofound blessing, because blindness gave me vision. i hope you can see what isee.
海伦·凯勒曾说过，唯一比失明更糟糕的是拥有视力，却没有远见。失明对我来说是一种深深的祝福，因为失明给予了我远见。我衷心希望你们也能看见我所看见的。
thank you.(applause)
谢谢。(掌声)
bruno giussani: isaac, before you leave thestage, just a question. this is an audience of entrepreneurs, of doers, ofinnovators. you are a ceo of a company down in florida, and many are probablywondering, how is it to be a blind ceo? what kind of specific challenges do youhave, and how do you overcome them?
布鲁诺·朱萨尼：艾萨克，在你离开之前，我想问一个问题。在座的各位都是创业者、实干家、创新者。你是佛罗里达一家公司的执行总裁，很多人大概都会好奇，身为一名失明的执行总裁究竟是怎么样的呢?这使你面临哪些具体的挑战，而你又是怎么克服它们的呢?
isaac lidsky: well, the biggest challengebecame a blessing. i don't get visual feedback from people.
艾萨克·利德斯基：好吧，最大的挑战成了一种祝福。我看不到别人的反应。
bg: what's that noise there? il: yeah. so,for example, in my leadership team meetings, i don't see facial expressions orgestures. i've learned to solicit a lot more verbal feedback. i basically forcepeople to tell me what they think. and in this respect, it's become, like isaid, a real blessing for me personally and for my company, because wecommunicate at a far deeper level, we avoid ambiguities, and most important, myteam knows that what they think truly matters.
布：有什么声音在哪里吗?艾：是的。比如说在我的领导团队的会议中，我无法看到别人的表情或者手势。我学会去征求更多的言语反馈。我基本都要求人们把他们的想法告诉我。正因如此，它成为了，如我所说，对我个人还有我公司的一种真正的祝福。因为我们获得了更深层次的沟通。我们避免了歧义，还有更重要的，我的团队清楚知道他们的想法是真的要紧的。
bg: isaac, thank you for coming to ted. il:thank you, bruno.
布：艾萨克，感谢你来到了ted。艾：谢谢你，布鲁诺。
如何写ted演讲稿中英对照二
ted英语演讲：你如何判断什么是美
anjan chatterjee从进化心理学和认知神经科学的角度研究了一个自然的最迷人的概念：美。为什么某些线、颜色和形状的的构造组合，会带给我们一种美的感受?他将深入我们的大脑，探寻这背后的科学原因。下面是小编为大家收集关于ted英语演讲：你如何判断什么是美，欢迎借鉴参考。
演说者：anjan chatterjee
it's 1878. sir francis galton gives aremarkable talk. he's speaking to the anthropologic institute of great britainand ireland. known for his pioneering work in human intelligence, galton is abrilliant polymath. he's an explorer, an anthropologist, a sociologist, apsychologist and a statistician. he's also a eugenist.
1878 年，弗朗西斯高尔顿爵士 做了一场非凡的演说。演说的对象是英国 与爱尔兰的人类学机构。高尔顿以他在人类智慧领域的先驱工作闻名，他是个博学的人。他是个探险家、是个人类学家、是个社会学家、是个心理学家、也是个统计学家。他还是个优生学家。
in this talk, hepresents a new technique by which he can combine photographs and producecomposite portraits. this technique could be used to characterize differenttypes of people. galton thinks that if he combines photographs of violentcriminals, he will discover the face of criminality. but to his surprise, thecomposite portrait that he produces is beautiful.
在那场演说中，他展示了一项新技术，他可以把照片结合产生出复合的肖像。这项技术可以用来 描绘不同类型人的特色。高尔顿认为，如果他可以把 暴力罪犯的照片结合起来，他也许就能够发现罪犯的面貌。但，出乎他意料，他制作出的复合肖像竟然很美。
galton's surprising finding raises deep questions:what is beauty? why do certain configurations of line and color and form exciteus so? for most of human history, these questions have been approached usinglogic and speculation. but in the last few decades, scientists have addressedthe question of beauty using ideas from evolutionary psychology and tools ofneuroscience. we're beginning to glimpse the why and the how of beauty, atleast in terms of what it means for the human face and form. and in theprocess, we're stumbling upon some surprises.
高尔顿的意外发现，带出了更深的问题： 美，到底是什么? 为什么将线条、颜色、形式 做某些配置之后就能感动我们? 在大部份的人类史上，人们都用逻辑和推测来处理这些问题。但在最近几十年，科学家在处理关于美的问题时，用的是来自演化心理学的想法 以及神经科学的工具。我们开始研究美的定义与成因，至少对脸部及外型 已经开始有了审美的概念。在过程中，我们偶然发现了一些惊喜。
when it comes to seeing beauty in eachother, while this decision is certainly subjective for the individual, it'ssculpted by factors that contribute to the survival of the group. manyexperiments have shown that a few basic parameters contribute to what makes aface attractive. these include averaging, symmetry and the effects of 's take each one of these in turn.
谈到互看顺眼时，对个人而言，其审美标准 绝对是主观的，原因是因为这样对 团体的生存有所贡献。许多实验都显示，有几个基本参数与脸孔的吸引力有关。这些参数包括大众脸、对称性、以及荷尔蒙的影响。我们一项一项来讨论。
galton's finding that composite or averagefaces are typically more attractive than each individual face that contributes tothe average has been replicated many times. this laboratory finding fits withmany people's intuitions. average faces represent the central tendencies of agroup. people with mixed features represent different populations, andpresumably harbor greater genetic diversity and adaptability to theenvironment. many people find mixed-race individuals attractive and inbredfamilies less so.
高尔顿发现，混血儿或有大众脸的人 通常比一般单一血种的后代 更具吸引力。这个实验室的发现，与许多人的直觉不谋而合。一般人的面孔代表了一个团体的主要倾向。有混血特征的人，代表着不同的族群，也被认定有着更高的 基因多样性、以及对环境的适应力。许多人觉得混血儿的脸孔 是较有吸引力的，而近亲交配的家庭就比较没吸引力。
the second factor that contributes tobeauty is symmetry. people generally find symmetric faces more attractive thanasymmetric ones. developmental abnormalities are often associated withasymmetries. and in plants, animals and humans, asymmetries often arise fromparasitic infections. symmetry, it turns out, is also an indicator of health.
与美有关的第二个因子是对称性。一般来说，人们觉得对称的面孔 比不对称的更有吸引力。不正常的成长通常都与不对称有关。植物、动物、及人类，造成不对称的原因通常是受到寄生虫的感染。因此，对称性 也是健康的指标。
in the 1930s, a man named maksymilian faktorowicz recognized the importance ofsymmetry for beauty when he designed the beauty micrometer. with this device,he could measure minor asymmetric flaws which he could then make up for withproducts he sold from his company, named brilliantly after himself, max factor,which, as you know, is one of the world's most famous brands for "makeup."
在 1930 年代，有个叫蜜斯米兰佛陀维兹的人，当时他在设计美容校准仪时，体认到对称性对于美的重要性，有了这个仪器，他可以测量出微小的对称瑕疵，接着他就可以用他公司所贩卖的产品来补救，并很聪明地把他的名字取其谐音 作为公司的名称，蜜丝佛陀，各位应该知道，它是世界知名的 化妆品公司之一。
the third factor that contributes to facialattractiveness is the effect of hormones. and here, i need to apologize forconfining my comments to heterosexual norms. but estrogen and testosterone playimportant roles in shaping features that we find attractive. estrogen producesfeatures that signal fertility.
与脸部吸引力有关的第三个因子是 荷尔蒙的影响力。在此我得道个歉，因为我的意见 仅限于异性恋的标准上。但在形成被我们认为有吸引力的那些特征上，雌激素和睪丸素扮演了重要的角色。雌激素产生的特征会传达出生育力。
men typically find women attractive who haveelements of both youth and maturity. a face that's too baby-like might meanthat the girl is not yet fertile, so men find women attractive who have largeeyes, full lips and narrow chins as indicators of youth, and high cheekbones asan indicator of maturity.
男人通常会觉得，同时俱有 年轻和成熟元素的女人 很有吸引力。太幼齿的面孔可能代表着 这个女孩还没有生育能力，所以能吸引男人的女人通常有大眼睛、丰唇、窄下巴，这些都是年轻的指标; 而高颧骨则是成熟的指标。
testosterone produces features that weregard as typically masculine. these include heavier brows, thinner cheeks andbigger, squared-off jaws. but here's a fascinating irony. in many species, ifanything, testosterone suppresses the immune system. so the idea thattestosterone-infused features are a fitness indicator doesn't really make awhole lot of sense. here, the logic is turned on its head. instead of a fitnessindicator, scientists invoke a handicap principle.
睪丸素产生的特征，通常会被我们 认定为很有男子气概。这些特征包括浓眉、瘦脸颊、较大且方形的下颌。但这里有个很迷人的讽刺。在许多物种中，睪丸素的增加反而会抑制免疫系统。所以认为睪丸素 所赋予的特征是强健的指针，其实不是很有道理。在这里，逻辑被颠覆了。科学家提出了一条 生理缺陷原则，指出睪丸素并非强健的指标。
the most commonly cited example of ahandicap is the peacock's tail. this beautiful but cumbersome tail doesn'texactly help the peacock avoid predators and approach peahens. why should suchan extravagant appendage evolve? even charles darwin, in an 1860 letter to asagray wrote that the sight of the peacock's tail made him physically ill. hecouldn't explain it with his theory of natural selection, and out of thisfrustration, he developed the theory of sexual selection.
最常被引用的生理缺陷例子，就是孔雀的尾巴。这美丽但累赘的尾巴 并不能帮助雄孔雀 避开猎食者，也不方便接近雌孔雀。为什么这种奢华的附属品会被演化出来? 即使达尔文，在 1860 年写给 阿萨格雷的信上也提到，看见孔雀尾巴会让他 感到身理上的不舒服。他无法用他的天择说来解释原因，出于这挫折，他发展出了性择说。
on this account, the display of thepeacock's tail is about sexual enticement, and this enticement means it's morelikely the peacock will mate and have offspring. now, the modern twist on thisdisplay argument is that the peacock is also advertising its health to thepeahen. only especially fit organisms can afford to divert resources to maintainingsuch an extravagant appendage. only especially fit men can afford the pricethat testosterone levies on their immune system. and by analogy, think of thefact that only very rich men can afford to pay more than $10,000 for a watch asa display of their financial fitness.
由于这个原因，孔雀展示尾巴的目的是性诱惑，这种诱惑意味着这孔雀 很可能想交配、想生育后代。换个现代的角度想，雄孔雀是在向雌孔雀展现牠的健康。只有特别强健的有机体才有资格传宗接代，并保有这奢华的附属物。只有特别健康的人，才承担得起睪丸素 抑制免疫系统的风险。举个类似的现实例子，只有超级富翁才有能力买支 超过一万美金的手表，来彰显他们的经济实力。
now, many people hear these kinds ofevolutionary claims and think they mean that we somehow are unconsciouslyseeking mates who are healthy. and i think this idea is probably not ers and young adults are not exactly known for making decisions that arepredicated on health concerns. but they don't have to be, and let me explainwhy.
许多人听到这类的演化主张，就会想，是不是这个原因，我们人类会下意识地 去寻找健康的配偶。我认为这个想法可能不太对。青少年和年轻人容易被看上的原因，并不完全是他们健康条件上的优势。他们也不想这样，让我来解释原因。
imagine a population in which people havethree different kinds of preferences: for green, for orange and for red. fromtheir point of view, these preferences have nothing to do with health; theyjust like what they like.
想象有一个族群，族群中的人有三种偏好： 有人偏好绿色、有人偏好橘色、有人偏好红色。从他们的观点，这些偏好与健康无关; 他们就是喜欢这颜色。
but if it were also the case that these preferencesare associated with the different likelihood of producing offspring -- let'ssay in a ratio of 3:2:1 -- then in the first generation, there would be 3greens to 2 oranges to 1 red, and in each subsequent generation, the proportionof greens increase, so that in 10 generations, 98 percent of this populationhas a green preference.
但如果我们人类对这些颜色偏好的比率 也刚好与产生后代的有关…... 假设原来的比率是 3:2:1…...那么，在第一代中，会有三个绿色、两个橘色、一个红色。在后续的每个世代中，喜欢绿色的比例会增加，在十代之后，这个族群中就有 98% 的人都偏好绿色。
now, a scientist coming in and sampling this populationdiscovers that green preferences are universal. so the point about this littleabstract example is that while preferences for specific physical features canbe arbitrary for the individual, if those features are heritable and they areassociated with a reproductive advantage, over time, they become universal forthe group.
现在来了一个科学家，对这个族群进行抽样，发现对绿色的偏好是很普遍的。这个小小的纯理论例子的重点是，虽然对于特定身体特征的偏好可能是因人而异的，但如果那些特征是有遗传性的，而且与繁殖优势有关联的话，随时间过去，这些特征就会变成团体的普遍现象。
so what happens in the brain when we seebeautiful people? attractive faces activate parts of our visual cortex in theback of the brain, an area called the fusiform gyrus, that is especially tunedto processing faces, and an adjacent area called the lateral occipital complex,that is especially attuned to processing objects.
所以，当我们看见美丽的人时，头脑中会发生什么变化? 有吸引力的脸孔会触发 我们的部份视觉皮层，它位在大脑的后方，这个区域叫做梭状回，专门用来处理脸孔信息，还有一个相邻的区域，叫侧枕叶复合体，它是特别用来处理对象信息的。
in addition, attractive facesactivate parts of our reward and pleasure centers in the front and deep in thebrain, and these include areas that have complicated names, like the ventralstriatum, the orbitofrontal cortex and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. ourvisual brain that is tuned to processing faces interacts with our pleasurecenters to underpin the experience of beauty.
此外，具吸引力的脸孔会触发位在我们大脑前方深处的 奖赏与快感中枢，包括一些名称复杂的区域，比如腹侧纹状体、眼眶额叶皮质、及腹内侧额叶。我们用来处理脸孔的视觉大脑 会和我们的快感中枢互动，强化对美感的体验。
amazingly, while we all engage with beauty,without our knowledge, beauty also engages us. our brains respond to attractivefaces even when we're not thinking about beauty. we conducted an experiment inwhich people saw a series of faces, and in one condition, they had to decide ifa pair of faces were the same or a different person.
但惊人的是，当我们「遇见」美丽时，却不知道，美丽同时也「遇见」了我们。即使我们没有想着美，我们的大脑却会对 有吸引力的脸孔做出反应。我们做了一个实验，让人们看一系列的脸孔，在一个条件下，他们得要判定一对脸孔是否属于同一个人。
even in this condition,attractive faces drove neural activity robustly in their visual cortex, despitethe fact that they were thinking about a person's identity and not theirbeauty. another group similarly found automatic responses to beauty within ourpleasure centers. taken together, these studies suggest that our brainautomatically responds to beauty by linking vision and pleasure. these beauty detectors,it seems, ping every time we see beauty, regardless of whatever else we mightbe thinking.
即使在这个情况中，有吸引力的脸孔会明显地驱动 受测者视觉皮层的神经活动，尽管当时他们在想的是人的身份，而不是他们美不美。另一群人也有类似发现，在我们的快感中枢里，我们对美会有自动的反应。整体来看，这些研究指出，我们的大脑会藉由视觉和快感的链接对美会自动的反应，似乎，每回当我们看到美时，这些对美有反应的侦测器就会响起，不论我们当时在想什么其它的事。
we also have a "beauty is good"stereotype embedded in the brain. within the orbitofrontal cortex, there'soverlapping neural activity in response to beauty and to goodness, and thishappens even when people aren't explicitly thinking about beauty or brains seem to reflexively associate beauty and good. and this reflexiveassociation may be the biologic trigger for the many social effects of tive people receive all kinds of advantages in life. they're regarded asmore intelligent, more trustworthy, they're given higher pay and lesserpunishments, even when such judgments are not warranted.
我们脑中也内建了一个 「美等于好」的刻板印象。在眼眶额叶皮质中，对于「美」及「好」 所造成的神经活动反应 是有重迭性的，即使人们没有特别去想着美或好，也会发生。我们的大脑似乎会反射性地把美与好连结在一起。社会上因「美」而产生的回馈，其背后的关联性可能就是 这些生物触发器在驱动。有吸引力的人，在人生中有各种优势。他们会被视为比较聪明，比较值得信赖，他们会比较高薪、比较少受惩罚，即使这类的判断是没根据的。
these kinds of observations reveal beauty'sugly side. in my lab, we recently found that people with minor facial anomaliesand disfigurements are regarded as less good, less kind, less intelligent, lesscompetent and less hardworking. unfortunately, we also have a "disfiguredis bad" stereotype. this stereotype is probably exploited and magnified byimages in popular media, in which facial disfigurement is often used as ashorthand to depict someone of villainous character. we need to understandthese kinds of implicit biases if we are to overcome them and aim for a societyin which we treat people fairly, based on their behavior and not on thehappenstance of their looks.
观察到这种现象 也揭露出美的丑陋面。在我的实验室中，我们最近发现 有轻微面部异常及缺损的人，会被认为比较不好、比较不仁慈、比较不聪明、比较没能力、且比较不努力。不幸的是，我们也有「缺损等于不好」的刻板印象。大众媒体的影像可能会利用和放大 这种刻板印象，他们常用「面部缺损」 这种简单的描绘方式 来形容反派人物。我们需要了解这类的暗示性偏见，才有可能克服它们，并朝向一个能平等待人的社会迈进，不要只是看一个人的外表就断定人的好坏。
let me leave you with one final is a work in progress. the so-called universal attributes of beauty wereselected for during the almost two million years of the pleistocene. life wasnasty, brutish and a very long time ago. the selection criteria forreproductive success from that time doesn't really apply today.
让我留给各位一个最后的思考。美的定义还在改变。所谓放诸四海皆准的美的特征 是从几乎两百万年的 「更新世」所挑选出来的。那时生命很糟糕、很粗野、很古早。当时能繁衍成功的选择标准在现今并不适用。
for example, death by parasite is not oneof the top ways that people die, at least not in the technologically developedworld. from antibiotics to surgery, birth control to in vitro fertilization,the filters for reproductive success are being relaxed. and under these relaxedconditions, preference and trait combinations are free to drift and become morevariable. even as we are profoundly affecting our environment, modern medicineand technological innovation is profoundly affecting the very essence of whatit means to look beautiful. the universal nature of beauty is changing even aswe're changing the universe.
比如，因寄生虫而造成死亡 并不是人类前几名的死因，至少在技术发达的世界中不是。从抗生素到手术，从生育控制到试管授精，繁殖成功的过滤器已经被放宽了。在这些放宽的条件下，偏好与特性的组合可以自由搭配，也变得更多样性。即使我们会深深影响我们的环境，现代医学及技术创新会深深影响着 我们对美的定义。即使我们正在改变全世界，普世价值对美的定义也在改变。
thank you.(applause)
谢谢大家。(掌声)
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